{"id":937,"date":"2020-09-30T12:44:24","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T10:44:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websie.cefe.cnrs.fr\/gdrparcs\/?page_id=937"},"modified":"2020-09-30T12:55:07","modified_gmt":"2020-09-30T10:55:07","slug":"les-sciences-citoyennes-et-la-rap","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/websie.cefe.cnrs.fr\/gdrparcs\/les-sciences-citoyennes-et-la-rap\/","title":{"rendered":"Les sciences citoyennes et la RAP"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Travailler sur les r\u00e9ponses aux changements globaux n\u00e9cessite une approche de recherche action participative, c’est \u00e0 dire une recherche
sur les processus, par l’action et avec les acteurs locaux.

L’action participative c’est l’exercice de la d\u00e9mocratie.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les\u00a0sciences participatives<\/strong>\u00a0peuvent \u00eatre globalement d\u00e9finies par l’existence d\u0092une participation de volontaires \u00e0 des d\u00e9marches de recherche. Les derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies ont vu l\u0092augmentation du nombre d\u0092initiatives de ce type dans le monde, en particulier en astronomie, m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie, ornithologie ou botanique. Cependant, alors que la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de conduire des observations et de collecter des donn\u00e9es dans le cadre de probl\u00e9matiques bien d\u00e9finies constitue la principale contribution des participants \u00e0 ces recherches, les pr\u00e9occupations environnementales plus r\u00e9centes concernant la biodiversit\u00e9 et le changement climatique n\u00e9cessitent d\u0092int\u00e9grer des dimensions sociale et politique qui impliquent de\u00a0mieux d\u00e9finir les approches et le r\u00f4le des parties prenantes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La\u00a0Recherche Action Participative<\/strong>\u00a0(RAP) prend ses racines dans ce type d\u0092approches et s’est int\u00e9ress\u00e9e tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t \u00e0 la meilleure mani\u00e8re de les conduire (Chevalier<\/a>\u00a0et Buckles, 2013). Alors que les approches classiques sont bas\u00e9es sur la reproductibilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9marches, l’objectivit\u00e9 des chercheurs et la d\u00e9finition de protocoles \u00e0 priori, la RAP s’appuie sur l’exp\u00e9rience et l’histoire des communaut\u00e9s concern\u00e9es, l’implication des co-chercheurs et l’\u00e9volution des questions et des analyses qui doivent rester significatives pour ceux qui participent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ses trois composantes \u00a0(1)<\/strong>\u00a0production de connaissances \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es empiriques,\u00a0(2)<\/strong>\u00a0engagement dans un objectif de prise de d\u00e9cision pour l’action, et\u00a0(3)<\/strong>\u00a0coop\u00e9ration avec des acteurs issus de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile ou d\u0092autres parties prenantes – sont diversement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es dans les programmes de sciences participatives. Ainsi, des typologies en fonction de l\u0092importance de chaque composante ont pu \u00eatre propos\u00e9es (Storup et al. 2013 ; Gonzalez-Laporte, 2014). Ces diff\u00e9rences engendrent des d\u00e9bats \u00e9thiques (qu’est-ce qui compte le plus de l’action, la participation ou la recherche ?), \u00e9pist\u00e9mologiques (quelle est la pertinence et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 de ce qui est produit pour la recherche, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, et l’individu qui participe ?), m\u00e9thodologiques (quelles sont les outils les mieux adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 ces approches ?) et sociaux (participation des citoyens aux prises de d\u00e9cision ou participation des scientifiques aux d\u00e9bats publics ?).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour les chercheurs souhaitant utiliser ce type d\u0092approche, le risque est grand de s\u0092emp\u00eatrer dans ces d\u00e9bats et pour faire avancer leurs programmes, ils doivent \u00eatre capable de mobiliser le plus grand nombre de participants tout en respectant les positions de chacun (Boeuf et al. 2012). Pour cela, les r\u00e9flexions et les outils d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s dans le cadre de la RAP peuvent les aider \u00e0 construire et d\u00e9velopper les d\u00e9marches les mieux adapt\u00e9es comme nous avons pu le constater dans le cadre du GDR PARCS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les m\u00e9thodes de RAP vont permettre de planifier des processus de recherche bas\u00e9s autant sur le dialogue que sur l\u0092analyse de donn\u00e9es et qui tentent de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des questions que les gens se posent r\u00e9ellement au bon moment et avec les bon outils.
Ces questions peuvent faire partie d\u0092un probl\u00e8me ou d\u0092une recherche approfondie sur une probl\u00e9matique donn\u00e9e, d\u0092une analyse de besoins, d\u0092un exercice de planification strat\u00e9gique, d\u0092une analyse de risque ou d\u0092une \u00e9tude de faisabilit\u00e9.
Il est \u00e9galement possible de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des questions de suivi et d\u0092\u00e9valuation telles que \u00ab\u00a0quels sont jusqu’\u00e0 maintenant les r\u00e9sultats ou les impacts de notre programme? A quel point le programme ou projet utilise-t-il bien les ressources?\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La recherche action concerne les projets qui ont pour finalit\u00e9 d\u0092am\u00e9liorer les pratiques professionnelles \u00e0 travers des cycles de r\u00e9flexions et d\u0092actions mis qui peuvent tr\u00e8s bien se faire sans les acteurs locaux.
La recherche participative peut \u00eatre conduite par une coalition de chercheurs, acteurs locaux sans interventions et actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les techniques de la RAP :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0095 Une cinquantaine de techniques
\u0095 Des variations simples ou plus sophistiqu\u00e9es
\u0095 Cette approche souple r\u00e9pond \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de calibrage de l\u0092outils selon le contexte
\u0095 Les 50 techniques d\u0092analyse sont regroup\u00e9es autour de 3 points d\u0092entr\u00e9e : les probl\u00e8mes- les acteurs -les options.
Des variations simples ou plus sophistiqu\u00e9es pour s\u0092adapter aux attentes du public accompagn\u00e9, d’ajuster les analyses diagnostiques \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents contextes en fonction du temps disponible et du public vis\u00e9.
Elles sont organis\u00e9s en module qui refl\u00e8tent trois questions fondamentales applicables en tout temps:
– quels sont les probl\u00e8mes auxquels les gens font face?
– qui sont les acteurs ou les parties prenantes affect\u00e9es par la situation ou ayant la capacit\u00e9 d\u0092intervenir?
– quelles sont les options ou possibilit\u00e9 d\u0092actions?
Cette arborescence permet au chercheur de choisir des techniques les plus appropri\u00e9es \u00e0 la situation en tenant compte des questions et des pr\u00e9occupations qui lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transmises par la communaut\u00e9 partenaire.
Guide outil en ligne : Avec un panel des 20 outils les plus utilis\u00e9s, accompagn\u00e9s d\u0092une \u00e9tude de cas d\u00e9crivant une mise en situation dans des projets en situation r\u00e9elle.
Ces t\u00e9moignages permettent de visualiser l\u0092emboitement et l\u0092articulation de techniques qui vont permettre d\u0092accompagner le projet et la communaut\u00e9 dans son questionnement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Travailler sur les r\u00e9ponses aux changements globaux n\u00e9cessite une approche de recherche action participative, c’est \u00e0 dire une recherchesur les 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